Review of the cardiorespiratory effects of smoking, and how these changes impact perioperative outcomes and care. Warner DO: Perioperative abstinence from cigarettes: Physiologic and clinical consequences. Anesthesiology 2006; 104: 356-67.
Increased carbon monoxide levels in surgical patients who have recently smokers are associated with an increased risk of myocardial ischemia. Woehlck HJ, Connolly LA, Cinquegrani MP, Dunning MB, 3rd, Hoffmann RG: Acute smoking increases ST depression in humans during general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1999; 89: 856-60.
Cardiovascular benefit from smoking cessation begins within 12-24 hours of abstinence, likely due to carbon monoxide and nicotine elimination. Pearce AC, Jones RM. Smoking and anesthesia: preoperative abstinence and perioperative morbidity. Anesthesiology. 1984 Nov;61(5):576-84.
Smoking is associated with an increased risk of surgical bleeding. Nordestgaard AT, Rasmussen LS, Sillesen M, Steinmetz J, King DR, Saillant N, Kaafarani HM, Velmahos GC: Smoking and risk of surgical bleeding: Nationwide analysis of 5,452,411 surgical cases. Transfusion 2020; 60: 1689-1699.